The IAS Gazette

The COP29 summit concluded with a commitment of $300 billion annually in climate finance for developing nations by 2035, but developing nations, including India and Panama, criticised it as inadequate, falling short of the $1.3 trillion experts estimate is necessary. Meanwhile small island nations, such as Samoa, expressed frustration over being sidelined during negotiations. Developing nations also emphasized the need for grants instead of loans, which exacerbate debt crises and come with restrictive conditions. Historical responsibility lies with developed nations, which have contributed the majority of global emissions, while vulnerable nations face disproportionate impacts despite minimal emissions. Geopolitical tensions and the impending return of climate skeptic Donald Trump to the U.S. presidency complicate global cooperation. Despite these challenges, many emphasise the importance of continued collaboration to address the climate crisis.

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Established in 1945 as a response to World War II, the United Nations (UN) aims to maintain international peace and security while addressing global challenges like poverty and inequality. It comprises six organs, with the General Assembly (UNGA) serving as a forum for all member states, and the Security Council (UNSC) wielding significant power through binding resolutions. However, the UNSC’s veto power held by five permanent members often leads to paralysis in decision-making, prioritising national interests over global consensus. This outdated and undemocratic structure hinders the UN’s effectiveness. Despite these flaws, the UN has achieved notable successes, such as eradicating smallpox and stabilising post-conflict nations, underscoring the need for reform to enhance its role in promoting global cooperation and security.